A. Nahlé, I. I. Abu-Abdoun, and I. Abdel-Rahman
Keywords: Corrosion, inhibitor, trans-4-hydroxy-4ĂąâŹâą-stilbazole, Temkin adsorption isotherm.
Abstract:
The inhibition and the effect of temperature and concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole on the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss experiments at temperatures ranging from 303 to 343 K. The studied inhibitor concentrations were between 1x10-7 M and 1x10-3 M. The percentage inhibition increased with the increase of the concentration of the inhibitor. The percentage inhibition reached about 94% at the concentration of 1x10-3 M and 303 K. On the other hand the percentage inhibition decreased with the increase of temperature. Using the Temkin adsorption isotherm, the thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of this inhibitor on the metal surface were calculated. Trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole was found to be a potential corrosion inhibitor since it contained not only nitrogen and oxygen, but also phenyl and pyridine rings that are joined together with a double bond (Ăąâ⏠C ĂąâąÂ C ĂąââŹ) in conjugation with these rings.
Because you are not logged-in to the journal, it is now our policy to display a 'text-only' version of the preprint. This version is obtained by extracting the text from the PDF or HTML file, and it is not guaranteed that the text will be a true image of the text of the paper. The text-only version is intended to act as a reference for search engines when they index the site, and it is not designed to be read by humans!
If you wish to view the human-readable version of the preprint, then please Register (if you have not already done so) and Login. Registration is completely free.
ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Effect of Temperature on the Corrosion Inhibition of Trans-4-hydroxy-4âstilbazole on Mild Steel in HCl Solution Ayssar NahlĂ©*, Ideisan I. Abu-Abdoun, and Ibrahim Abdel-Rahman Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box: 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates *Corresponding author. Tel: +971-6-505 3812; Fax: +971-6-505 3820 E-mail: anahle@sharjah.ac.ae © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject1 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 ABSTRACT The inhibition and the effect of temperature and concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4'stilbazole on the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss experiments at temperatures ranging from 303 to 343 K. The studied inhibitor concentrations were between 1x10-7 M and 1x10-3 M. The percentage inhibition increased with the increase of the concentration of the inhibitor. The percentage inhibition reached about 94% at the concentration of 1x10-3 M and 303 K. On the other hand the percentage inhibition decreased with the increase of temperature. Using the Temkin adsorption isotherm, the thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of this inhibitor on the metal surface were calculated. Trans-4hydroxy-4'-stilbazole was found to be a potential corrosion inhibitor since it contained not only nitrogen and oxygen, but also phenyl and pyridine rings that are joined together with a double bond (â C â C â) in conjugation with these rings. KEYWORDS: Corrosion, inhibitor, trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole, Temkin adsorption isotherm. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject2 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 INTRODUCTION Organic compounds containing polar groups by which the molecule can become strongly or specifically adsorbed on the metal surface constitute most organic inhibitors [1,2]. These inhibitors, which include the organic N, P, S, and OH groups, are known to be similar to catalytic poisons, as they decrease the reaction rate at the metal/solution interface without, in general, being involved in the reaction considered. It is generally accepted that most organic inhibitors act via adsorption at the metal/solution interface. The mechanism by which an inhibitor decreases the corrosion current is achieved by interfering with some of the steps for the electrochemical process. The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in aggressive acidic solutions has been widely investigated. In industries, hydrochloric acid solutions are often used in order to remove scale and salts from steel surfaces, and cleaning tanks and pipelines. This treatment may be prerequisite for coating by electroplating, galvanizing or painting techniques. The acid must be treated to prevent an extensive dissolution of the underlying metal. This treatment involves the addition of some organic inhibitors to the acid solution that adsorb at the metal/solution interface by displacing water molecules on the surface and forming a compact barrier film. Many authors have used various nitrogen-containing compounds in their corrosion inhibition investigations. These compounds included quaternary ammonium salts [310], polyamino-benzoquinone polymers [11], azoles [12], substituted aniline-Nsalicylidenes [13], amides [14], heterocyclic compounds [15,16], and cationic surfactants [17, 18]. Other authors worked on sulfur-containing inhibitors [19-24]. Other studies involved the effect of addition of some ions on the inhibition efficiency of some organic compounds. These ions included chromium [25], iodide [26], and chloride [27]. Structural effect of organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors was also studied [28,29]. In all these studies, the nitrogen atom(s) in the compounds showed to be able to absorb very well on the metal surface and form protective layer, which in © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject3 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 turns increased the corrosion inhibition with the increase in the concentration of the inhibitor, in some cases reaching 99% inhibition [5]. No studies have been reported on trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole inhibitor employed in this current work, in terms of studying the effect of temperature on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M HCl solution. Mild steel was chosen in our studies since high temperature aggressive acids are widely used in industries in connection to mild and low alloy steels. In this work, trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole was prepared via a synthesis which produced a high percentage yield of this pure compound. The aim of this work is to study, using weight loss measurements, the effect of temperature on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M HCl solution by trans-4hydroxy-4â-stilbazole, a synthesized compound that was previously studied using electrochemical technique [30] and found to be a very efficient corrosion inhibitor, and to calculate the thermodynamic parameters. Hence, the output of this study is intended to be the building block or the nucleus for a new family or group of stilbazole derivatives in all studies of corrosion inhibitors. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS INSTRUMENTATION The experimental set-up consisted of a 250-mL round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser and a long glass rod on which the specimen was hooked and in turn immersed in a thermally controlled water bath [20, 31]. Analytical-grade hydrochloric acid (Ajax), 4-iodophenol, triethylamine, palladium acetate, tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, MgSO4, hexane, and pentane were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company and used without further © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject4 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 purification. 4-Vinylpyridine was distilled under reduced pressure and stored in cold place. SAMPLE PREPARATION Rectangular specimens (1 cm x 2.3 cm x 0.3 cm) cut from large sheet of 3 mm thick mild steel (IS 226 containing 0.18 % C, 0.6 % Mn, and 0.35 % Si) supplied by âReliable Steel Tradersâ, Sharjah, UAE; were used for weight loss measurements. A 2-mm diameter hole was drilled close to the upper edge of the specimen and served to be hooked with a glass rod for immersion purposes. Prior to each experiment, the specimens were polished with 600 grade emery paper, rinsed with distilled water, degreased with acetone, dried, and finally weighed precisely on an accurate analytical balance. SYNTHESIS OF TRANS-4-HYDROXY-4â-STILBAZOLE Several methods for the synthesis of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole are available including the reaction of 4-picoline with 4-Hydroxy benzaldehyde in acetic anhydride [32,33] which, under such conditions, gave only tiny yields after long reactions. A better procedure was developed and which used Heck type vinylic addition reaction [34] catalyzed by palladium. Using this procedure we were able to obtain a yield of about 80% and quantities reaching up to 20 g in one single reaction, following the modified procedure set by Bruce et al. [35] and described in our previous work [30]. MEASURING PROCEDURE The flask was filled with 100 mL of 1M HCl solution either with or without trans-4hydroxy-4â-stilbazole of various concentrations, then placed in water bath. As soon as the required working temperature was reached, the mild steel sample was immersed in the solution, and left there for exactly six hours, after which the sample was removed, rinsed with distilled deionized water, degreased with acetone, dried, and finally weighed precisely on an accurate analytical balance. This procedure was repeated © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject5 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 with all the samples with a variety of inhibitor concentrations ranging from 1x10-7 M up to 1x10-3 M; and at temperatures ranging from 303 K to 343 K. RESULTS Weight loss corrosion tests were carried out on the mild steel in 1M HCl in the absence or presence of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole over a period of 6 hours. Table 1 represents the corrosion rates [mg.cm-2.h-1], and the percentage efficiencies for the studied inhibitor with concentrations varying from 1x10-7 M to 1x10-3 M at 303, 313, 323, 333, and 343 K, respectively. The percentage efficiency was calculated according to the following expression: % Inhibition = Where: WUninh. â WInh. Ă 100 WUninh. (1) WUninh. = corrosion rate without inhibitor; and W Inh. = corrosion rate with inhibitor. Figures 1 and 2 show the plots of the corrosion rate of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole as a function of concentration at 303, 313, 323, 333, and 343 K. At 303 K (Figure 1), the corrosion rate dropped from 0.961 mg.cm-2.h-1 (1M HCl in the absence of the inhibitor) to 0.950 mg.cm-2.h-1 when 1x10-7 M of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole was present in the 1M HCl. This corrosion rate continued to decrease slightly to reach 0.714 mg.cm-2.h-1 (26 % inhibition) at a concentration of 1x10-5 M, followed by a steep decrease to reach 0.191 mg.cm-2.h-1 when the inhibitorâs concentration was 1x10-4 M; and finally, at higher concentration (1x10-3 M) the corrosion rate as initially decreased slightly to reach 0.060 mg.cm-2.h-1 (94 % inhibition). At 313 K (Figure 1), the curve showed to have similar shape as that obtained at 303 K. At concentrations greater than 1x10-5 M, the corrosion rate decreased steeply and reached about 0.112 mg.cm-2.h-1 (92 %) at 1x10-3 M. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject6 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 At 323 K (Figure 2), when the concentration of the inhibitor was between 1x10-7 M and 1x10-5 M, it had very slight effect on the corrosion rate; whereas, at higher concentrations, the corrosion rate dropped from 4.192 mg.cm-2.h-1 (at 1x10-5 M) down to 2.179 and 0.543 mg.cm-2.h-1 at 1x10-4 M and 1x10-3 M, respectively. At 333 K (Table 1), the presence of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole acted as an accelerator between 1x10-7 M and 1x10-5 M, and at concentrations of 1x10-4 M and greater, it acted as inhibitor reaching percentage inhibitions of 27% and 81% at 1x10-4 M and 1x10-3 M, respectively. At 343 K, likewise, trans-4-hydroxy-4âstilbazole acted as an accelerator between 1x10-7 M and 1x10-6 M, then inhibited the mild steel at 1x10-5 M and greater concentration, reaching a percentage inhibition of about 67 % at 1x10-3 M. It was noticed that a tenfold increase in the inhibitorâs concentration, namely from 1x10-4 M to 1x10-3 M, had a very sizeable increase in the percentage inhibition as this increased from 27 % to 81 % at 333 K, and from 8.6 % to 67 % at 343 K. Figure 3 shows the plots of the percent inhibition versus the concentration of the inhibitor at temperatures of 303, 313, 323, 333, and 343 K, respectively. This figure showed that the percent inhibition was not sufficiently affected by the increase of temperature (303 to 323K), especially when low concentrations (1x10-7 to 1x10-5 M) of inhibitors were employed; whereas at higher concentrations (above 1x10-5 M), the presence of the inhibitor greatly increased the percent inhibition at all temperatures. At higher temperatures, it was noticed that at concentrations between 1x10-7 M to 1x10-4 M (343 K) and in some cases to 1x10-5 M (333 K) trans-4-hydroxy-4âstilbazole acted as a corrosion accelerator. The data obtained from the weight loss measurements were plotted in accordance to Arrhenius equation: ln rate = â Ea + const. RT (2) © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject7 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Where: Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 -1 Ea = activation energy [kcal.mol ], R = gas constant [kcal.mol-1], T = absolute temperature [K], and const. = constant Figure 4 represents the Arrhenius plot of the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl solution (ln corrosion rate as a function of 1/T) with or without the presence of trans4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole at concentrations ranging from 1x10-7 M to 1x10-3 M. From this figure, the slope ( â Ea ) of each individual line was determined and used to R calculate the activation energy according to equation 2, and taking R = 1.987x10-3 kcal.mol-1 (Table 2). The increase of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole (from 1x10-7 M to 1x10-3 M), increased the activation energies for the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl (initially 18.27 kcal.mol-1) (Table 2). Table 3 shows the surface coverage of various concentrations of trans-4-hydroxy-4âstilbazole (from 1x10-7 M to 1x10-3 M) on mild steel surface as a function of temperature. These values were extracted from the corresponding percent efficiency values reported earlier in Table 1. The plot of surface coverage, Ξ, against the natural logarithm of the concentration of the inhibitor, ln C, for mild steel at various inhibitor temperatures is shown in Figure 5. After examining these data and adjusting them to different theoretical adsorption isotherms, it was concluded that the inhibitor was adsorbed on the mild steel surface according to Temkin isotherm: -2a Ξ = lnK C Where: (3) a = molecular interaction constant, Ξ = degree of coverage, K = equilibrium constant for the adsorption reaction, and C = concentration of the inhibitor. The equilibrium constant for the adsorption reaction, K, is related to the standard free energy of adsorption [1] via equation 4: © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject8 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 K= Volume 12, Preprint 51 1 ïŁ« âG ïŁ¶ expïŁŹ â ïŁ· 55.5 ïŁ RT ïŁž Where: submitted 8 December 2009 (4) K = equilibrium constant for the adsorption reaction, 55.5 = concentration of water [mol.L-1], âG = standard free energy [kcal.mol-1], R = gas constant [kcal.mol-1], and T = absolute temperature [K]. According to equation 3, the straight lines shown in Figure 5 will have the following slopes and intercepts: Slope = â 1 2a Intercept = â (5) 1 ln K 2a (6) Combination of equations (5) and (6) leads to the following relationship: Intercept = Slope . (ln K) (7) from which the equilibrium constant for the adsorption reaction, K, can be calculated: K =e ïŁ« Intercept ïŁ¶ ïŁŹïŁŹ ïŁ·ïŁ· ïŁ Slope ïŁž (8) The free energy of adsorption of the inhibitor, âG, can be calculated from the results in Figure 5 used to calculate the equilibrium constant, K, and equation 4 at various temperatures (303 K to 323 K). The enthalpy of adsorption, âH, for the inhibitor can be calculated from the following equation: © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject9 to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 âH = Ea - RT submitted 8 December 2009 (9) The entropy, âS, can be calculated at various temperatures for the inhibitor using the following equation : âG = âH â TâS (10) DISCUSSION The results in Table 2, show that the activation energy (Ea) for the corrosion of mild steel in the presence of the inhibitor are higher compared to the activation energy in the absence of inhibitor at both 1x10-3 M and 1x10-4 M (about 27 vs. about 18 kcal.mol-1). Whereas, at lower concentration (from 1x10-5 to 1x10-7 M), the activation energy is very close to that in uninhibited HCl solution. This can be attributed to the fact that higher values of Ea in the presence of inhibitor compared to its absence are generally consistent with a physisorption, while unchanged or lower values of Ea in inhibited solution suggest charge sharing or transfer from the organic inhibitor to the metal surface to form coordinate covalent bonds (chemisorption). The increase in the activation energies for the corrosion is attributed to a decrease in the adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface as the temperature increased; and subsequently, an increase in the corrosion rate will result due to the greater exposed area of the metal surface to the acid. Tables 4 to 6 show the thermodynamic data obtained in the presence of the inhibitor at various temperatures. These thermodynamic quantities represent the algebraic sum of the values for adsorption and desorption. The negative value of âG indicates the spontaneous adsorption of inhibitor on the surface of the mild steel. The free energy, âG, varies from -11.54 kcal.mol-1 at 303 K to -11.12 kcal.mol-1 at 323 K. The adsorption process is believed to be exothermic and associated with a decrease in entropy (âS) of solute, while the opposite is true for the solvent [24]. The gain in © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 10to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 entropy which accompanies the substitutional adsorption process is attributed to the increase in the solvent entropy (Table 6). This agrees with the general suggestion that the values of âG increase with the increase of inhibition efficiency [13,36] as the adsorption of organic compound is accompanied by desorption of water molecules off the surface. The electron density group (â OH) on the phenyl ring gives an extra inhibition effect. The high inhibition efficiency may be attributed to the preferred flat orientation of this compound on the metal surface. The interaction occurs between the delocalized Ïelectrons of the two rings, the double bond (â C â C â), and the lone pair of electrons on N and O atoms with the positively charged metal surface. In addition, (â C â C â) bond plays the major role in the stabilization of both sides of the Stilbazole structure. These results agree with Fouda et al. [22] who suggested that the inhibition efficiency of organic compounds depends on many factors including their charge density, number of adsorption sites, heat of hydrogenation, mode of interaction with the metal surface, and formation of metallic complexes [37]. CONCLUSION Trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole was found to be a highly efficient inhibitor for mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution, reaching about 94 % at 1.0x10-3 M and 303 K, a concentration considered to be very moderate. Trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole is a potential corrosion inhibitor since it contains not only nitrogen and oxygen, but also phenyl and pyridine rings that are joined together with a double bond (â C â C â) in conjugation with these rings. It was apparent from the molecular structure that this compound would be adsorbed onto the metal surface through the lone pair of electron of nitrogen and oxygen and pi electrons of the two aromatic rings (phenyl and pyridine) and the double bond that join them together. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 11to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 The percentage of inhibition in the presence of this inhibitor was decreased with temperature which indicates that physical adsorption was the predominant inhibition mechanism because the quantity of adsorbed inhibitor decreases with increasing temperature. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 12to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 REFERENCES [1] âAdsorpcja organiczeskich sojedinienij na electrodachâ, B.B. Damaskin, O.A. Pietrij, and W.W. Batrokov, Moskva, 1968. [2] âEffect of organic inhibitors on the polarization characteristics of mild steel in HCl solutionâ, G. Okamato,.M. Nagayama, J. Kato, and T. Baba, Corrosion Science, 2, 1, pp. 21-27, 1962. [3] âQuaternary ammonium salts as corrosion inhibitors of steel in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteriaâ, S.M. Beloglazov, Z.I. Dzhafarov, V.N. Polyakov, and N.N. Demushia, Protection of Metals USSR, 27, 6, pp. 810-813, 1991. [4] âStructural and protective capacities of organic corrosion inhibitors. 2. Alkylethylene diamines and quaternary ammonium saltsâ, A.V. Fokin, M.V. Pospelov, and A.N. Levichev , Protection of Metals USSR, Vol. 19, 2, pp. 242244, 1983. [5] âElectrochemical studies of corrosion inhibition of a series of quaternary ammonium salts for iron in HCl solutionâ, A. NahlĂ©, Corrosion Prevention & Control, 44, 7, pp. 99-105, 1997. [6] âInhibition of iron in HCl using benzyl trimethyl and triethyl ammonium chlorideâ, A. NahlĂ©, Corrosion Prevention & Control, 45, 4, pp. 124-130, 1998. [7] âEffect of triethanolamine on the electrochemical dissolution of solder in NaOH solutionâ, A. NahlĂ©, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 18, 3, pp. 105-110, 2002. [8] âElectrochemical studies of two corrosion inhibitors for iron in HCl: cytyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and tetraphenyl phosphonium chlorideâ, A. NahlĂ©, and F.C. Walsh, Corrosion Prevention & Control,.42, 2, pp. 30-34, 1995. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 13to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 [9] Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 âTetrabutyl ammonium iodide, cetyl pyridinium bromide and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in sulfuric acidâ, B.V. Savithri, and S.M. Mayanna, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology,. 3, 5, pp. 256-258, 1996. [10] âThe influence of N-hexadecyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride on the corrosion of mild steel in acidsâ, T. Vasudevant, S. Muralidharan, S. Alwarappan, and S.V.K. Iyer, Corrosion Science, 37, 8, pp. 1235-1244, 1995. [11] âPolyamino-benzoquinone polymers â a new class of corrosion inhibitors for mild steelâ, S. Muralidharan, K.L.N. Phani, S. Pitchumani, S. Ravichandran, and S.V. Iyer, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 5, pp.1478-1483, 1995. [12] âTemperature effect on mild steel corrosion in acid media in presence of azolesâ, A. Popova, Corrosion Science, 49, No 5, pp. 2144-2158, 2007. [13] âMeta-Substituted aniline-N-salicylidenes as corrosion inhibitors for zinc in sulfuric acidâ, J.D. Talati, M.N. Desai, and N.K.Shah, Materials Chemistry & Physics, 93, 1, pp. 54-64, 2005. [14] âThe effect of nicotinamide on iron corrosion in chloride solutionsâ, T. TĂŒken, B. Yazici, and M. Erbil, Turk J. Chem, 26, pp. 735-742, 2002. [15] âN-heterocyclic compounds as corrosion inhibitors for Zn in HCl acid solutionsâ, A.A.A. Fattah, E.M. Mabrouk, R.M.A. Elgalil, and M.M. Ghoneim, Bulletin de la SocietĂ© Chimique de France, 1, pp. 48-53, 1991. [16] âThe inhibition action of heterocyclic nitrogen organic compounds on Fe and steel in HCl mediaâ, S.L. Granese, B.M. Rosales, C. Oviedo, and, J.O. Zerbino, Corrosion Science, 33, 9, pp. 1439-1453, 1992. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 14to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 [17] âStudies on the influence of temperature on the adsorption of some cationic surfactants on to steelâ H.A. Al Lohedan, E. Khamis, and Z.A. Issa, Adsorption Science and Technology, 13, 3, pp. 137-152, 1996. [18] âA novel diazole-based cationic Gemini surfactant: Synthesis and effect on corrosion inhibition of carbon-steel in hydrochloric acidâ, L.G. Qiu, A.J. Xie, and, Y.H. Shen, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 91, 2/3, pp. 269-273, 2005. [19] âThe effect of thiourea on the corrosion kinetics of mild steel in H2SO4â, B.C. Ateya, B.E. El-Anadouli, and F.M. El-Nizamy, Corrosion Science, 24, 6, pp. 497-507, 1984. [20] âEffect of temperature on the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in HCl solutionsâ, A. NahlĂ©, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 17, 5, pp. 221-226, 2001. [21] âInhibition of corrosion of iron in HCl solution by semicarbazides and Thiosemicarbazidesâ, A. NahlĂ©, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 21, 6, pp. 275281, 2005. [22] âThe role of some thiosemicarbazide derivatives in the corrosion inhibition of aluminum in HClâ, A.S. Fouda, M.N. Mousa, F.I. Taha, and A.I. Elneamaa, Corrosion Science, 26, 9, pp. 719-726, 1986. [23] âThe effect of the chemical structure of some nitrogen-containing and sulphurcontaining organic compounds on their corrosion inhibiting actionâ, S.N. Raicheva, B.V. Aleksiev, and E.I. Sokolova, Corrosion Science, 34, 2, pp. 343350, 1993. [24] âThe effect of temperature on the corrosion and corrosion inhibition of steel alloys in hydrochloric acid solutionsâ, S.H. Sanad, A.A. Ismail, and A.A. ElMeligi, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 11, 10, pp. 462-469, 1995. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 15to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 [25] âThe influence of chromium content on the inhibitive efficiency of some organic compoundsâ, F. Zucchi., G. Trabanelli, and G. Brunoro, Corrosion Science, Vol. 33, 7, pp. 1135-1139, 1992. [26] âInhibition effect of I- and I2 on stress-corrosion cracking of stainless steel in acidic chloride solutionsâ, Y.L. Huang, C.N. Goa, M. Lu, and H.C. Lin, Corrosion, 49, 8, pp. 644-649, 1993. [27] âThe inhibitive effect of organic cations on passive film breakdown of iron in a chlorine containing borate buffer solutionâ, M. Yamaguchi, and H. Nishihara, Corrosion Science,. 36, 7, pp. 1133-1141, 1994. [28] âStructural effects of organic compounds as corrosion inhibitors for hydrogen entry into iron in sulfuric acidâ, K. Kobayashi, K. Shimizu, and M. Iida, Corrosion Science, 35, 5-8, pp. 1431-1435, 1993. [29] âHydrocarbon chain length and their effect on corrosion inhibition by alkylammonium chloridesâ, L.D. Skryler, E.A Streltsova, and T.L. Skryleva, Protection of Metals USSR, 27, 6, pp. 755-758, 1991. [30] âElectrochemical studies of the effect of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in HCl solutionâ, A. NahlĂ©, I. Abu-Abdoun, and I. Abdel-Rahman, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 54, 4, pp. 244248, 2007. [31] âEffect of temperature on the inhibition of corrosion of carbon steels by semicarbazides and Thiosemicarbazidesâ, A. NahlĂ©, I. Abdel-Rahman, and M. Alfarouk, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 21, 8, pp. 353-361, 2005. [32] âUse of intermolecular hydrogen bonding for the induction of liquid crystallinity in the side-chain of polysiloxanesâ, U. Kumar, T. Kato, and J.M.J. FrĂ©chet, J. Amer. Soc., 114, pp. 6630, 1992. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 16to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 [33] âThe reaction between 2-picoline and aromatic aldehydesâ, B.D. Shaw, and E.A. Wagstaff, J. Chem. Soc., 77, 1933. [34] âPalladium-catalyzed vinylic substitution reactions with heterocyclic bromidesâ, W.C. Frank, Y.C. Kim, and R.F. Heck, J. Org. Chem., 43, 15, pp. 2947-9, 1978. [35] âMesmorphic metal complexes derived from 4-alkyloxystilbazolesâ, D.W. Bruce, S.C. Davis, D.A. Dunmur, S.A. Hudson, P.M. Maitlis, and P. Styring, Mol. Cryst. and Liq. Cryst., 215, pp. 1-11, 1992. [36] âThe adsorption of thiourea on mild steelâ, B.C. Ateya, B.E. El-Anadouli, and F.M. El-Nizamy, Corrosion Science, 24, 6, pp. 509-515, 1984. [37] âThe effect of some phthalimide derivatives on the corrosion behaviour of copper in nitric acidâ, A.S. Fouda, A. Abd El-Aal, and A.B. Kandil, Anti- Corrosion Methods and Materials, 52, 2, pp. 96-101, 2005. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 17to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Temperature / K 303 Concentration of Inhibitor Corr. Rate 1M HCl 0.961 0.950 0.916 0.714 0.191 0.060 -7 1M HCl + 1x10 M 1M HCl + 1x10-6 M 1M HCl + 1x10-5 M 1M HCl + 1x10-4 M 1M HCl + 1x10-3 M Table 1. % Efficiency â 1 5 26 80 94 313 Corr. Rate 1.394 1.381 1.343 1.203 0.361 0.112 % Efficiency â 0.9 3.7 14 74 92 323 Corr. Rate 4.671 4.648 4.570 4.192 2.179 0.543 % Efficiency â 0.5 2.2 10.3 53.4 88.4 333 Corr. Rate 12.225 14.057 12.733 12.714 8.959 2.321 % Efficiency â -15 -4 -4 27 81 343 Corr. Rate 26.280 28.139 27.061 24.901 24.020 8.619 % Efficiency â -7.1 -3.0 5.2 8.6 67 Effect of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on the corrosion rate (mg.cm-2.h-1) and percentage efficiency of mild steel in 1M HCl at various temperatures. 18of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Activation Energy, Ea (kcal.mol-1) System 1x10-3 M 1x10-4 M 1x10-5 M 1x10-6 M 1x10-7 M 1M HCl 18.27 18.27 18.27 18.27 18.27 1M HCl + trans-4-hydroxy-4'stilbazole 26.93 26.82 19.72 18.76 18.93 Table 2. The activation energy (Ea) for the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl with and without trans-4-hydroxy-4'stilbazole inhibitor at various concentrations. 19of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Temperature / K 303 313 323 Surface Coverage Surface Coverage Surface Coverage Ξ Ξ Ξ 1M HCl + 1x10-6 M 0.05 0.037 0.022 1M HCl + 1x10-5 M 0.26 0.14 0.103 1M HCl + 1x10-4 M 0.80 0.74 0.534 1M HCl + 1x10-3 M 0.94 0.92 0.884 Concentration of Inhibitor Table 3. Effect of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on surface coverage for mild steel in 1M HCl at various temperatures. © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 20to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 âH, kcal.mol-1 303 K 313 K 323 K 333 K 343 K 26.33 26.31 26.29 26.27 26.25 Table 4. The enthalpy of adsorption (âH) for mild steel in 1M HCl in the presence of 1x10-3 M trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole inhibitor at various temperatures (303 K â 343 K). âG, kcal.mol-1 303 K 313 K 323 K -11.54 -11.76 -11.12 Table 5. The Free energy of adsorption (âGads) for mild steel in 1M HCl in the presence of trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole inhibitor at various temperatures (303 K â 323 K). âS, kcal. K-1.mol-1 303 K 313 K 323 K 0.125 0.122 0.116 Table 6. The change in entropy (âS) for mild steel in 1M HCl in the presence of trans-4-hydroxy-4'-stilbazole inhibitor at various temperatures (303 K - 323 K). © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 21to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 Figure 1 submitted 8 December 2009 Corrosion Rate, mg.cm-2.h-1 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1.0E-07 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 1.0E-01 Concentration, M © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 22to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 Figure 2 submitted 8 December 2009 Corrosion Rate, mg.cm-2.h-1 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1.0E-07 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 1.0E-01 Concentration, M © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 23to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Figure 3 100 % Inhibition 80 60 40 20 0 -20 1.0E-07 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 Inhibitor Concentration, M © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 24to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Figure 4 4 Ln Corrosion Rate, mg.cm-2.h-1 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 (1/T) x 103, K-1 © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 25to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 12, Preprint 51 submitted 8 December 2009 Figure 5 1 Surface Coverage 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -16 -12 -8 Ln Concentration, M © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 26to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 FIGURE Figure 1. CAPTIONS Figure 5. 333 K 343 K Effect of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on the percent inhibition of mild steel in 1M HCl at various temperatures. 303 K Figure 4. 313 K Effect of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on the corrosion rate (mg.cm-2.h-1) of mild steel in 1M HCl at various temperatures. 323 K Figure 3. submitted 8 December 2009 Effect of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on the corrosion rate (mg.cm-2.h-1) of mild steel in 1M HCl at various temperatures. 303 K Figure 2. Volume 12, Preprint 51 313 K 323 K 333 K 343 K Effect of temperature on the corrosion rate of mild steel in 1M HCl solution with and without the presence of various concentrations of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole inhibitor. 1 M HCl 1x10-7 M 1x10-6 M 1x10-5 M 1x10-4 M 1x10-3 M Effect of concentration of trans-4-hydroxy-4â-stilbazole on the surface coverage of mild steel in 1M HCl at various temperatures. 303 K 313 K 323 K © 2009 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject 27to the reviewersâ comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work.